M5- TERJEMAHAN JADUAL
(199797) (199826)
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MACRO STRUCTURE In a global, Macro
Structure can be observed in text from a text
topic/theme |
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Superstructures The framework of a
text such as the introductory section, contents, covers
and conclusions |
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Microstructure In a local meaning
text can be identified From words,
sentences and styles worn by a text |
Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis
Critical Discourse by VanDijk (1997)
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The
Theory of Critical Discourse (Fairclough, 1995) |
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Textual Analysis
Grammar ·
Themes Lexical ·
Metaphor
Cohesion ·
Repetition ·
Conjunction |
Practical Discourse Analysis
Intertexuality ·
Pre-assumptions ·
Metawacana ·
Disclaimer
Inter discussion ·
Narrative ·
Debate ·
Expository ·
Expressive |
Practical Social Analysis
Economics Education Politics |
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Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis
Theory by Fairclough (1995)
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DECISION STRATEGY |
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Bald on-record
Example: Ready! Listen…. Give me a big basket. The light colour is green. Please come in. Please eat. |
Positive politeness
Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow one hundred ringgits? If you don’t mind, can I follow to the hospital. |
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Negative politeness
Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed. |
Off-record
Wow, it's getting cold in this room. The price is really expensive here. Your clothes are beautiful. |
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Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by
Brown & Levinson (1987)
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Discourse Analysis Approaches (Normaliza Abd Rahim,
2018) |
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PRE-ASSUMPTION 1. Intuition 2. Context
·
Acceptance / Disclaimer ·
Requirements ·
Reference ·
Anaphora ·
Repetition ·
Ambiguity ·
Affirmation |
EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed
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Behavior ·
Personality ·
Mood ·
Motivation |
VALUES
AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom
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Honest, sincere, kind hearted, love darling, crafts, gratitude, simplicity ·
Independent, high prudence, courage, physical hygiene and mental, politeness ·
Respect, cooperation, enthusiasm socialize ·
Justice, freedom, rational |
LANGUAGE 1. Language First / second / third 2. Formal / informal 3. Mistakes language 4. Linguistics |
INFERENCE 1. Overall summary 2. The discussion summary 3. Closing words |
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Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim
(2018b)
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Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
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Content |
Context |
Assumpiton |
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1.
Theme |
1.
Grammar |
1.
Opinion |
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2.
Background |
2.
Reference |
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3.
Emotion |
3.
Problem |
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Figure 1 : Discourse Anlaysis Theory
Table 2 : Context In The Model Of Social Value
Storytelling Through A Child's Story
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Title |
Grammar |
Background |
Emotions |
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Family |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Parent's house
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Happy, missed, |
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Self |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Inside and outside the house, school |
Happy |
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I’m Special One |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Mother and father's house |
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I know |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
In or out of the house |
Upset, sad,
sympathy |
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I Understand |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Homes, schools or in public places |
Happy, sympathy,
care |
Table 3 : Content in Social Stories
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Title |
Text |
Theme |
Samples/Materials |
Type |
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Grandparent’s |
Short story |
Family |
Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran,
Medina, Aisyah, Alim |
Storytelling |
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I'm a Special One |
Short story |
Family |
Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran,
Medina, Aisyah, Alim |
Storytelling |
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Family |
Short story |
Family |
mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim |
Storytelling |
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Hearts |
Short story |
Community |
Mother, Teacher, Alim and friends |
Storytelling |
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Neighbors |
Short story |
Neighborhood |
Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim |
Storytelling |
Table 4 : Context in Social Stories
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Title |
Grammar |
Background |
Emotional |
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Grandparent’s |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Grandparent village |
Happy, missed, sadness, angry, confused, statisfied |
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I am a Special |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Parent’s house |
Happy, statisfied,
sadness |
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Families |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Parent’s house |
Happy, restrection |
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Hearts |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
School, rumah, neighbour |
Happy |
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Neighbours |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Parents and neighbor house |
Happy, sympathy,
care, sadness |
Table 5 : List of Social Values in Social Stories
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Social Story Title |
Social Values |
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Grandparents |
Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely,
honestly, kindness, family, patience |
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I'm a Special One |
Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility |
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My Family |
Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking,
effort, responsibility, rationality |
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Hearts |
Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share,
thankful, respectful, hardworking |
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Neighbors |
Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care,
sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood |
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Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott
(1997) |
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Avoidance or Reduction Strategies |
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1. Neglect /
Abandonment of messages 2. Avoidance topic
Achievement or Compensatory |
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Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensation Strategy |
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3. Paraphrase
(Circumlocution) 4. Approach 5. Use of all purpose
words 6. Create New words (Word-coinage) 7. Restructuring / Use
of non-linguistic means 8. Literal translation 9. Internationalization
10. Code exchange 11. Ask for help,
explanation, confirmation or guessing / Appeal for help Stalling |
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Stalling
or Time-gaining Strategies Procrastination or Time-gaining Strategies |
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12. Use of meaningless words / Use of fillers /
hesitation devices |
Table 6 : Communication Strategies
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Communication
Strategies |
Frecuency |
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1. |
Abbreviation |
15 |
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2. |
New words have no meaning |
4 |
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3. |
Disclaimer / Conflict |
10 |
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4. |
Questions |
6 |
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5. |
Repetition |
8 |
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6. |
References |
13 |
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7. |
Self-Correction |
5 |
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8. |
Different topics / neglect messages |
4 |
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9. |
Intermittent |
8 |
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10. |
Suspension |
6 |
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11. |
Translation literal |
4 |
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12. |
Language exchange |
4 |
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13. |
Imagination |
5 |
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14. |
Politeness |
4 |
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15. |
Paraphrase |
4 |
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16. |
Asking for help |
4 |
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