BBN3402SATU2020: MINGGU4 PRAKATA & BAB 1

 

M4 TERJEMAHAN PRAKATA & BAB 1

 

    

ARDILLA BINTI MUHAMMAD ASRI                     NUR AQILAH HANIS BINTI RUTAZA

(199797)                                                                      (199826)

PRAKATA

Buku "Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi" ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan. Penyelidikan meliputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan. Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian iaitu kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Kedua-dua bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana. Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana. Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis. Bab 3 pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Setiap kajian dianalisis dengan Lmenggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang diperkenalkan dalam buku ini. Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi komunikasi. Pengenalan meliputi kajian-kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi. Bab 5 pula membincangkan beberapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi. Senarai taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan. Bab 6 mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Interaksi dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi komunikasi yang terkini. Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan komunikasi. Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.

NO	TEKS ASAL	TERJEMAHAN MESIN	EDITOR (TRACK CHANGERS)	BERSIH
1	Buku "Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi" ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan. Penyelidikan meliputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan	This book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is an important book of theory and applied in the form of research. Research study study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation	This book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is an important book of theory and applied in the form of research. The research Research study study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation.	This book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is an important book of theory and applied in the form of research. The research study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation
2	Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian iaitu kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Kedua-dua bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan	This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and communication strategies. The two parts are closely related to each other as they involve verbal communication, interaction, text and writing	This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and communication strategies. This The two parts are closely related to each other as they involve  in verbal communication, interaction, text and writing.	This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and communication strategies. This two parts are closely related to each other as they in involve verbal communication, interaction, text and writing.
3	Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana. Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana. Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis	Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse that is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely discourse analysis and critical discourse	Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse that is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely discourse analysis and critical discourse.	Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse that is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely discourse analysis and critical discourse.
4	Bab 3 pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse among children	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, the textual textual discourse of social stories and discourse among children	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, the textual discourse of social stories and discourse among children.
5	Setiap kajian dianalisis dengan Lmenggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang diperkenalkan dalam buku ini.	Each study is analyzed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced in this book.	Each study is analyzedanalysed by using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced in this book.	Each study is analyzed by using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced in this book.
6	Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi komunikasi. Pengenalan meliputi kajian-kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi	Chapter 4 contains an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction covers studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies	Chapter 4 contains an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction covers studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use by communication strategies	Chapter 4 contains an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction covers studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use by communication strategies.
7	Bab 5 pula membincangkan beberapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi. Senarai taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan	Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed	Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches,  as well as descriptions for each, is displayed.	Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches, as well as descriptions for each, is displayed.
8	Bab 6 mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Interaksi dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi komunikasi yang terkini	Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies	Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies.	Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies.
9	Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.	Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies.	Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies.	Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies.
10	Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan komunikasi	It is hoped that this book can help researchers in conducting research on the form of discourse and communication studies	It is hoped that this book can help researchers in researching conducting research on the form of discourse and communication studies.	It is hoped that this book can help researchers in researching on the form of discourse and communication studies.

This book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is an important book of theory and applied in the form of research. The research study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation. This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and communication strategies. This two parts are closely related to each other as they involve in verbal communication, interaction, text and writing. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse that is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely discourse analysis and critical discourse. Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, the textual discourse of social stories and discourse among children. Each study is analyzed by using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced in this book. Chapter 4 contains an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction covers studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use by communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches, as well as descriptions for each, is displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hoped that this book can help researchers in researching on the form of discourse and communication studies.

M4 TERJEMAHAN PRAKATA & BAB 1

 

    

ARDILLA BINTI MUHAMMAD ASRI                     NUR AQILAH HANIS BINTI RUTAZA

(199797)                                                                      (199826)

BAB 1

KAJIAN WACANA

Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.

Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu, wacana juga boleh diistilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang. Namun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat difahami dengan baik oleh seseorang. Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, ucapan, pertuturan dan percakapan. Selain itu, wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah, akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk tulisan. Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik. Seseorang individu itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya. Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan, perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel, cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan difahami dengan lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera.

Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran. Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dari pelbagai aspek. Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula, wacana adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat. Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya.

Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistic harus diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana.

 

 

Berikut adalah antara beberapa definisi wacana :

SUMBER	DEFINISI WACANA
Edmonson (1981)	Wacana adalah suatu peristiwa berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya.
Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat)	Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan pertuturan, percakapan dan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan. la juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan.
Asmah Haji Omar (1986)	Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi.
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)	Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat iaitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satu satuan bahasa yang lengkap
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)	Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau penulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca.
Stubbs (1983)	Wacana dapat dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh pendengar dan pembaca
Brown & Yule (1983)	Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik
Halliday & Hassan (1985)	Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau tulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan.
Normaliza Abd Rahim  (2018b)	Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana juga meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang terlibat.

 

 

RUMUSAN

Definisi wacana dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas. Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.

 

 

NO.	TEKS ASAL	MESIN (GOOGLE TRANSLATE)	EDITOR (TRACK CHANGES)	TEKS BERSIH
1.	Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986).	Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986).	Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts, and and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986).	Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts, and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986).
2.	Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.	Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, i.e. present after the sentence level.	Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level that is,  i.e. present after the sentence level.	Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level that is present after the sentence level.
3.	Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu, wacana juga boleh diistilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang. Namun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence.
4.	Justeru, wacana dapat difahami dengan baik oleh seseorang. Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, pertuturan dan percakapan. Selain itu, wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah, akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk tulisan.	Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers and all forms of writing.	Thus, discourse can be well understood by someoneone. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech, and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers, and all forms of writing.	Thus, discourse can be well understood by someone. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech, and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers, and all forms of writing.
5.	Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik. Seseorang individu itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya. Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan, perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel, cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan difahami dengan lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera.	In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works. .	In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individuallyindividual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling, and so on. Unity of mind whether in an oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems, and so on. That also  can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works. .	In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individually holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling, and so on. Unity of mind whether in an oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems, and so on. That also can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works.
6.	Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran. Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dari pelbagai aspek.	Hawthorn (1992) put forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen as an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen from various aspects.	Hawthorn (1992) put forwardstated the definition of discourse as linguistic communication. That has to be seen as an exchange between speaker and listener by taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen infrom various aspects.	Hawthorn (1992) stated the definition of discourse as linguistic communication. That has to be seen as an exchange between speaker and listener by taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen in various aspects.
7.	Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula, wacana adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat. Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya.	Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values ​​and categories found in it.	Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication. That has been  seen from the point of view of beliefs, values, ​​and categories found in it.	Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication. That has been seen from the point of view of beliefs, values, ​​and categories found in it.
8.	Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistic harus diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana.	Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.	Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.	Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.
9.	Wacana adalah suatu peristiwa berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya.	Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of language or other.	Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of language or other.	Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of language or other
10.	Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan pertuturan, percakapan dan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan. la juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan.	Discourse is the whole of speechess which is speech, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. Also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.	Discourse is the whole of speechess which is speech, conversation, and discussion, or exchange of ideas orally. It is   also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.	Discourse is the whole of speech which is speech, conversation, and discussion, or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.
11.	Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi.	Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.	Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. That is, that is,  the language system and elements outside. Tthe language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.	Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. That is, the language system and elements outside. The language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing something meaningful in communication.
12.	Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat iaitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satu satuan bahasa yang lengkap	Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limits, which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on, which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language	Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limits, which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and, so on, which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language	Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit, which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and, so on, which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language
13.	Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau penulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca.	Discourse is the language born of the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader.	Discourse is the language that spoken by the born of the speaker or writer. The language that has been spoken and written contains has a meaning, and is understood by the listener or reader.	Discourse is the language that spoken by the speaker or writer. The language that has been spoken and written has a meaning, understood by the listener or reader.
14.	Wacana dapat dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh pendengar dan pembaca	Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and is understood by listeners and readers	Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing. , It hashas meaning. In fact, it and  is understood by listeners and readers	Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing. It has meaning. In fact, it is understood by listeners and readers
15.	Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik	Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding	Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis. It is for the purpose of better understanding	Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis. It is for the purpose of better understanding
16.	Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau tulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan.	Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning.	Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that as long as it has an overall meaning.	Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) as long as it has an overall meaning.
17.	Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana juga meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang terlibat.	Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.	Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures, and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.	Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures, and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.
18.	Definisi wacana dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas.	The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood.	The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances, and interactions. It is desirable, that each discourse need to has a careful observation and analysis be focused and analyzed carefully . soSo, that the analysis can be clearly understood.	The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances, and interactions. It is desirable,  that each discourse need to has a careful observation and analysis. So the analysis can be clearly understood.
19.	Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.	Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.	Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one someone understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when it is described in more detail and thoroughness.	Understanding these discourses is seen as an easy thing when someone understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when it is has been described in more detail and thoroughness.

 

 

CHAPTER 1

DISCOURSE STUDY

Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts, and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level that is present after the sentence level. Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by someone. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech, and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers, and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individually holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling, and so on. Unity of mind whether in an oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems, and so on. That also can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works. Hawthorn (1992) stated the definition of discourse as linguistic communication. That has to be seen as an exchange between speaker and listener by taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen in various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication. That has been seen from the point of view of beliefs, values, ​​and categories found in it. Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.

 

The Example of  Definition Discourse:

SOURCE	DEFINITION OF DISCOURSE
Edmonson (1981)	Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of language or other
Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat)	Discourse is the whole of speech which is speech, conversation, and discussion, or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.
Asmah Haji Omar (1986)	Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. That is, the language system and elements outside. The language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing something meaningful in communication.
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)	Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit, which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and, so on, which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)	Discourse is the language that spoken by the speaker or writer. The language that has been spoken and written has a meaning, understood by the listener or reader.
Stubbs (1983)	Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing. It has meaning. In fact, it is understood by listeners and readers
Brown & Yule (1983)	Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis. It is for the purpose of better understanding
Halliday & Hassan (1985)	Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) as long as it has an overall meaning.
Normaliza Abd Rahim  (2018b)	Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures, and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.

 

SUMMARY

The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances, and interactions. It is desirable, that each discourse need to has a careful observation and analysis. So, the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding these discourses is seen as an easy thing when someone understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when it is has been described in more detail and thoroughness.

 RUJUKAN 

Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014). Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi Teori dan Aplikasi. Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.

KEHADIRAN M4